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Prostate cancer is currently one of the most common malignancies that endanger the lives and health of elderly men. In recent years, immunotherapy, which exploits the activation of anti-cancer host immune cells to accomplish tumor-killing effects, has emerged as a new study avenue in the treatment of prostate cancer. As an important component of immunotherapy, cancer vaccines have a unique position in the precision treatment of malignant tumors. Monocyte cell vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, viral vaccines, peptide vaccines, and DNA/mRNA vaccines are the most often used prostate cancer vaccines. Among them, Sipuleucel-T, as a monocyte cell-based cancer vaccine, is the only FDA-approved therapeutic vaccine for prostate cancer, and has a unique position and role in advancing the development of immunotherapy for prostate cancer. However, due to its own limitations, Sipuleucel-T has not been widely adopted. Meanwhile, owing to the complexity of immunotherapy and the specificity of prostate cancer, the remaining prostate cancer vaccines have not shown good clinical benefit in large randomized phase II and phase III trials, and further in-depth studies are still needed.
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Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Vacinas Anticâncer/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Extratos de Tecidos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
【Objective】 To evaluate the value of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in the prognosis of prostate cancer. 【Methods】 Relevant studies were searched in CNKI, Wanfang, CBM, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase databases from inception to Dec.2021. The literature was screeded, data were extracted, and the quality was evaluated according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A meta-analysis by using the hazard risk (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was adopted to assess the prognostic value of PLR. The data were analyzed with STATA 16.0 software. 【Results】 A total of 10 studies were included, involving 1 802 patients. For patients with high level of PLR, the overall survival (OS) (HR=1.70, 95%CI:1.25-2.30, P=0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS)(HR=1.44, 95%CI:1.15-1.81, P=0.002) were significantly shorter. 【Conclusion】 PLR is an independent risk factor affecting the long-term prognosis of prostate cancer patients. Pretreatment detection of PLR is meaningful in determining the prognosis.
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Objective To visualize and analyze the literature related to immunotherapy for prostate cancer published in the past 20 years through bibliometric analysis, and to explore the research progress and cutting-edge trends in this field. Methods The Web of Science core collection database was searched for literature related to immunotherapy for prostate cancer published from 2002 to 2021. CiteSpace and VOSviewer software were used to visualize and analyze the data and map the evolution of hotspots. Results There were 2 326 papers were finally included after excluding irrelevant studies. The field of immunotherapy for prostate cancer is in a rapid development stage; the United States has a great influence and China has a significant latecomer advantage; the National Cancer Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and University of California, San Francisco are the main research institutions; American authors Gulley JL, Schlom J and Japanese author Itoh K have the highest number of publications. Currently, the main research hotspot is immune checkpoint inhibitors, and high-quality clinical trials are continuing to drive this process forward. Conclusion The exploration of novel immune pathways and the combination of different therapies will be the main trend of future research in immunotherapy for prostate cancer.
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Kidney stone is one of the common diseases of the urinary system. About 80% of kidney stones are mainly composed of calcium oxalate. As a huge bacterial network, the interaction of gut microbes is complex. Intestinal microbes may play a role in the pathogenesis and prevention of kidney stones. The intestinal flora of patients with calcium oxalate stones possess unique distribution of gut microbes.
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Humanos , Oxalato de Cálcio , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Cálculos Renais/etiologia , Oxalobacter formigenes , Cálculos UrináriosRESUMO
Objective To compare the efficacy of balloon dilation and YAG laser endouretertomy in treatment of secondary ureteric stricture . Methods 32 patients with secondary ureteral stricture were randomly divided into balloon dilatation group and holmium laser cut group, 16 cases in each, respectively. The two kinds of treatment efficacy was compared after two years postoperative follow-up. Results The clinical results of the two groups showed no statistical differences at the third, sixth and twelfth month follow-up (P > 0.05), and there were no statistical differences in the overall effective rates (P > 0.05). The clinical results of the two groups showed no statistical difference at the twenty-fourth month follow-up (P < 0.05), and the overall effective rates had statistical difference (P < 0.05). Conclusions Balloon dilation and YAG laser endouretertomy in treatment of secondary ureteral stricture have the same short-term clinical effects. But the middle-term efficacy of YAG laser endouretertomy is superior to that of balloon dilation.
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Tumor stem cells are responsible for metastasis and relapse of cancer.Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of tumor stem cells.In many cancers such as breast carcinoma,hepatocellular carcinoma,pancreatic carcinoma,lung carcinoma,glioma and gallbladder carcinoma,the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TGF-β1 can inhibit proliferation of cancer cell,enrich tumor stem cells and increase invasive capability and drug resistance of cancer.
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OBJECTIVE: Anatomic variation of renal artery existed in donor kidney, and whether the variation would affect clinical effects is unconfirmed. This paper is aimed to study the outcomes of in vitro reconstruction of malformed renal blood vessels on outcome of kidney transplantation. METHODS: Patients treated with kidney transplantation at Department of Urology, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese PLA were selected; including 27 cases underwent kidney transplantation with malformed blood vessels. Seventeen of them had accessory renal artery, 10 of them with two or three renal arteries. Additional 22 patients transplanted with normal kidney during the same period were selected as the control group. Bench surgery with microsurgical techniques was employed for the repair of the vessels, which included 11 cases of end to end anastomosis of arteries, 6 cases of end to side anastomosis of arteries, 6 cases of side to side conjoined anastomosis of arteries, and 4 cases of renal artery lengthening with an interposition of donor or recipient iliac artery. The hemorrhage, hypertension, renal arterial stenosis, delayed graft function, incidence rate of acute rejection, and the serum creatinine level were followed up.RESULTS: Totally 49 cases were received a mean 2-year follow-up, and no death occurred in both groups. Two cases in the experimental group, and 3 cases in the control group were suffered hypertension or hypertension aggravated, the difference had no significant (P =0.673). No arterial stenosis occurred during the follow up. In the experimental and control groups, the incidence of delayed graft function was 20% and 14%, the incidence of acute rejection was 13% and 5%, and mean serum creatinine at 2 year was (119±11) and (127±8) μmol/L, respectively, the difference was not significant between two groups (P=0.179, 0.385, 0.658).CONCLUSION: Donor kidneys with malformed vascular can be used for transplantation after bench reconstruction, which do not influence the outcome of kidney transplantation.
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Objective To explore the functional changes of gap junctional intercellular communication(GJIC) in bladder smooth muscle. Methods The functions of GJIC in bladder smooth muscle were detected by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching(FRAP). The mean fluorescence recovery rates of the bladder smooth muscle cells in the experimental group and the control group were compared. Results The mean fluorescence recovery rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group( P
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Objective To study the functional changes of gap junctional mediated intercellular communication in detrusor instability so as to demonstrate the feasibility of blocking excitatory communication as the target of therapy for DI. Methods The function of GJIC in the cultured bladder detrusor cells were detected by FRAP. Results At the fourth minutes after bleaching,the mean fluorescences recovery rates of the DI groups bladder detrusor cells was (35.791?0.836)%,the control groups (8.645?0.673)%.The mean fluorescences recovery rates of the DI groups were significant higher than those in control groups (P